Escándalos, fraudes, quiebras y otras anomalías empresariales y financieras, 1

The objective of the two volumes is to investigate the hundreds of cases of anomalies, as a consequence of criminal, inappropriate or mistaken conduct that have represented a break in business, financial and social normality and have negatively affected society. These books do not develop a scientifically-based historical study of fraud, and in particular financial fraud, but a chronicle of the basic conceptual foundations of the types of fraud and manipulation of the main historical and current cases in developed countries, dedicating a complete chapter to Spain. To achieve these ends, the main cases of fraud, deception, bribery, scams and other similar behaviors that have caused crises, panic and serious damage to their victims have been analyzed, selected for their social significance. In selecting the cases, their importance due to their size and social and economic repercussions has been taken into account. But other examples have also been included in which, without criminal conduct occurring, the problems generated have been the consequence of serious errors in management or very unfavorable circumstances that have caused bankruptcies of business entities and, particularly, financial ones. Cases are raised in which there is a great diversity in the type of agents involved in scandals and anomalies originating in business markets in general, of a financial, stock or monetary nature, currency, tax and cryptocurrency. Consequences of scams, falsifications, accounting manipulations, personality frauds, falsifications and errors are also dealt with, including the consequences of the use of new technologies, payment formulas, negotiation and advice.