Historia de la educación y de las doctrinas pedagógicas

History of education and pedagogical doctrines. Pedagogical Evolution in France was originally written for a Pedagogy course that Émile Durkheim taught at the Sorbonne University between 1904 and 1905. His disciple Maurice Halbwachs published it for the first time in 1938. Durkheim lived in a period marked by important educational reforms that characterized the French Third Republic and that began with the laws of free, compulsory and secular primary education established by the minister Jules Ferry (1881 and 1882). Durkheim's course at the Sorbonne is related to a reform of secondary education that took place in 1902 and introduced more modern disciplines into the curriculum at this level of education. It was aimed at future teachers attached to the Lyceums, in order to enrich their professional training and clarify the objectives of secondary education. According to Durkheim, specific educational institutions, firmly linked to their social environment, produce different human types depending on the needs of each of these environments. This is how it establishes three phases of the French educational system, to each of which corresponds a different human subject: Scholastica (good Christian), Renaissance (individualized personality of humanists) and Realism (scientists and industrial workers). Its intention is to explain how educational events arose under the pressure of circumstances and the social environment, what solutions prevailed, what were the consequences and what lessons should be drawn from all this. Ultimately, Durkheim sought in the past the lessons that the present should take advantage of, the only solid way to open the way to new educational ideals more in line with the new times, with the new society of the 20th century. This work is therefore essential to understand Durkheim's sociological theory of education, defined by him as the science of educational institutions, their genesis and their operation.